Wisam Hayder Mahdi, Waleed Khalid Al-Zubaidi, Isam Bahaa Aldallal, and Abdullahi Abdu Ibrahim , Trans., “Factor-Based Unsupervised Network Traffic Anomaly Analysis Using Density, Spectral, and Hierarchical Clustering”, BJIoT, vol. 2026, pp. 14–24, Jan. 2026, doi: 10.58496/BJIoT/2026/002.