Babylonian Journal of Mechanical Engineering
The Babylonian Journal of Mechanical Engineering (EISSN: 3006-5410) is a distinguished publication dedicated to advancing the field of mechanical engineering. This journal welcomes high-quality contributions from researchers and engineers across various areas, fostering innovation in thermodynamics, materials science, robotics, fluid mechanics, and structural analysis
Design and Fabrication of an Integrated Solar Still and UV/Pasteurization System for Domestic Use
Water, that miraculous liquid, is the fundamental foundation upon which life on Earth is based. The first human civilizations were founded on water, and wherever water is found, civilization is found. Given the increasing population, rising living standards, and developments that have led to increased water pollution and limited water resources, and given the expected rise in fuel and electricity prices in the future, and to rationalize electricity consumption, the use of solar energy is an effective solution for desalination and sterilization of water.In this research, a solar-powered desalination and sterilization system was designed and manufactured to make water potable. This system operates using river, well, and surface water, meeting the needs of homes in remote, desert, and rural areas, as well as homes within cities. This system consists of three filters (polypropylene, a block carbon filter, and a granular activated carbon filter) with an 8-watt solar-powered UV system. The system's production capacity is 20 liters/hour for well and river water, increasing to 60 liters/hour when used with tap water inside homes.The system was operated on water from a 10-meter-deep well in the Al-Jadriya area of Baghdad, and the well water was tested. It was salty and polluted, but the results of the examination after desalination and sterilization were good and within the required specifications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Majid H. Ali, Al-Saadi D.A. , Ostrikov V.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A numerical study of time-dependent Casson nanofluid flow with convection and Joule heating over a stretching surface
This study focuses on the behavior of Casson nanofluid under mixed convection, Joule heating, and mass transfer effects over a stretching surface. The governing equations for the conservation of momentum, mass, energy, and species transfer are simplified using a stream function. These equations are then transformed from non-linear partial differential equations (PDEs) into non-linear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) through similarity transformations. The resulting ordinary differential equations are solved numerically using the bvp4c method. Subsequently, the influence of various physical parameters on the velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles is analyzed. It is observed that the Casson fluid parameter enhances the velocity profile while slowing down the temperature and concentration profiles. Conversely, the Grashof number exhibits behavior opposite to that of the Casson fluid parameter. Furthermore, the variations of different parameters on the velocity, temperature, concentration, skin friction coefficient, temperature gradient, and Sherwood number are presented in both graphical and tabular forms. The numerical results are compared with existing literature Cortell (2007).
Copyright (c) 2025 M. Nazim Tufail , Nadia Ayub , Y. Khan , S. Ilyas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Analysis of FTCS, Richardson, and Dufort-Frankel Numerical Methods for Temperature Distribution in a One-Dimensional Rod
This Forward Time Centred Space (FTCS), Richardson, and Dufort-Frankel finite difference methods for solving the one-dimensional heat conduction equation are examined and compared in this paper. The goal is to evaluate each method's accuracy, stability, and computational efficiency by analysing the temperature distribution along a rod. To put the approaches into action, the same starting and ending points for each were used. Not only is FTCS simple and quick to construct, but the results also show that it is conditionally stable. Despite its improved accuracy, Richardson is prone to numerical instability. While the Dufort-Frankel approach is more complicated, it provides better stability. The results help with thermal simulation application requirements-based method selection.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmed Sarhan Abdulsitar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Solar Stills Design and evaluation of: A Comprehensive Review
Modifications to the Distiller in the water desalination in desert territories, a set of models was suggested (including simple solar panel with single-slope basin). The improvements were classified into two types. the first was to cool the condenser, and the second was to portray the process of heating the evaporator. Five experiments were carried out in the Ouargla region with a dry desert climate. The study, experimental and theoretical, supported the claim that when a heat pump evaporator was added, production of pure water was increased. It was followed by steam condensation and exposing the condenser to sunlight. This was best installation for the distiller. This improvement was then succeeded by the addition of a black sponge layer to the evaporator and then thin-thick glass application. A powder mix experiment showed that cooling air close to the outer face of the cover increased the quantity of distilled water. Lastly, the experiment with a two layer of glass, which is not a procedure, played a great role on increasing production. Summing up, the study under consideration can be defined as a process that includes condenser cooling and evaporator heating procedure. One of the advantages is the elimination of direct heat exchange between these two components and restriction of the heat exchange between these two components to the one in the distillation cell.
Copyright (c) 2025 Suhaib J. Shbailat , Salwa Bouadila https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Comprehensive Study of Energy, Exergy, Exergoeconomic, and Exergoenvironment Analysis of Combined Cycle Power Plant
One of the most effective ways to generate electricity in the thermal power plant is with a Combined Cycle Power Plant (CCPP), which uses both gas and steam turbines to their full potential. This research employs energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, and exergoenvironmental analyses to assess the CCPP performance. Energy analysis indicates the plant's overall efficiency, while exergy analysis identifies losses due to system irreversibilities and proposes methods for enhancement. Exergoeconomic analysis, which integrates thermodynamic and economic factors, quantifies the financial impact of exergy losses and identifies cost-effective improvement strategies. Reducing emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases is possible through the use of exergoenvironmental analysis. The research examines case studies from several CCPPs worldwide, emphasizing how these analytical approaches have led to enhanced performance, reduced costs, and environmental benefits. Finally, the paper provides a thorough foundation for future research and development in this area by emphasizing the significance of integrated analysis in improving the efficiency, economic feasibility, and environmental sustainability of CCPPs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmed Sarhan Abdulsitar , Arkan Fawzi Saeed , Hatem Hasan Ismaeel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Data-Driven Melt Pool Monitoring and Defect Prediction in LPBF of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy
Real-time process monitoring is essential for achieving consistent part quality in Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF), yet robust and practical defect prediction frameworks remain underdeveloped. This study presents a machine learning-based approach for predicting unstable melt pool conditions, leveraging an open dataset of melt pool variability measurements from Ti-6Al-4V builds on an EOS M290 system. The framework utilizes fundamental process parameters—laser velocity, power, scan orientation, and track location—combined with statistical melt pool geometry features to train a Random Forest classifier. The model achieved an accuracy of 99.79% in distinguishing between stable and unstable melt pool states, with balanced sensitivity and specificity. Analysis of defect trends across the process parameter space revealed that higher scan velocities and certain orientations significantly increase defect likelihood. The results confirm that interpretable, computationally efficient machine learning models can provide robust real-time defect prediction using features already accessible on commercial LPBF platforms. The framework offers a scalable and industry-relevant pathway toward enhanced quality assurance in metal additive manufacturing, supporting the advancement of intelligent, closed-loop LPBF process control.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marshima Mohd Rosli , Ali Rachini, Musaria Karim Mahmood https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimizing Mechanical Performance of AgC-Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites: A Quantitative Analysis of Stiffness–Ductility Trade-offs
This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the mechanical behavior of polymer nanocomposites reinforced with varying loadings of silver-coated carbon (AgC) nanoparticles. Using a systematic experimental approach, five compositions ranging from 0% to 20% AgC loading were evaluated through tensile testing, with data processed and analyzed using Python-based workflows. The results reveal that increasing AgC content leads to significant improvements in stiffness and strength, as evidenced by a steady rise in Young Modulus and ultimate tensile strength. However, this reinforcement is accompanied by a progressive reduction in ductility, highlighting a pronounced stiffness–ductility trade-off. Toughness exhibited a nonlinear response, peaking at 10% AgC loading before declining at higher concentrations due to nanoparticle agglomeration and embrittlement effects. Correlation analysis confirmed strong interdependencies among mechanical properties, reinforcing the need for balanced design strategies. Based on these insights, an optimal AgC loading of 10% is proposed, offering the best trade-off between stiffness, strength, and toughness while maintaining sufficient ductility for structural applications. These findings provide a robust framework for the design of high-performance nanocomposites and demonstrate the value of integrated quantitative analysis in guiding material optimization.
Copyright (c) 2025 Taseer Muhammad , Ali Akgül https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Harnessing Digital Twins: Advancing Virtual Replicas for Optimized System Performance and Sustainable Innovation
Digital twins (DTs) have recently become an extremely influential and disruptive concept in engineering and technology. They are characterized as dynamic virtual replicas of physical systems used for real-time monitoring, simulation, and optimization. In the face of growing complexity in modern industries, digital twins offer the capacity to aggregate data from IoT sensors, utilize AI-based analytics, and provide predictive and prescriptive decision-making to achieve operational excellence and drive sustainable innovation. This review presents an in-depth overview of the state-of-the-art in digital twin technologies, covering their conceptual foundations, enabling technologies, application domains, theoretical frameworks, as well as the key challenges and future potential of digital twins. The review highlights how digital twins are enabling progress in diverse sectors, including manufacturing, healthcare, construction, energy, supply chains, and emerging fields such as 6G networks and autonomous systems. Beyond summarizing technological advancements, this review emphasizes the importance of socio-technical perspectives, ethical considerations, and interdisciplinary collaboration in shaping the future trajectory of digital twin development. Finally, it identifies key areas for future research and practice, including standardization, human-centered design, governance, and the evolving role of digital twins in advancing Industry 5.0 and sustainable innovation. The primary goal of this review is to empower researchers, practitioners, and policymakers to leverage the potential of digital twins for intelligent and adaptive systems, by providing an integrated and critical perspective.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muuhammad Nawaz Khan, Imtiaz Ahmad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Self-Healing Materials in Aerospace and Automotive Engineering: A Systematic Review of Material Systems, Integration Strategies, and Application Performance
Self-healing (SH) materials, including polymers, are revolutionary for aerospace vehicles, automobiles, and other applications where structural integrity, reliability, and longevity are critical. In this regard, this systematic review surveys 40 recent works on various types of self-healing material systems, integration methods, and performance outcomes. The review assesses material categories from epoxy-based composites and thermoplastics to shape memory polymers and advanced nanocomposites, and considers both intrinsic and extrinsic healing mechanisms. Performance metrics across application contexts, such as healing efficiency, mechanical property recovery, environmental stability, and cyclic durability, are synthesized. Aerospace applications show significant advancements in addressing delamination, impact resistance, and high-temperature stability, with some systems achieving fracture property recovery exceeding 160% and maintaining reliable performance over multiple healing cycles. Automotive applications emphasize room-temperature healing capability, cost-effective manufacturing, and durability under variable service conditions. The review identifies trends toward hybrid material systems and sophisticated integration strategies, while also highlighting persistent challenges related to scalability, environmental robustness, and long-term performance validation. This synthesis provides a comprehensive foundation to advance the practical implementation of self-healing materials in aerospace and automotive engineering.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sami Ullah Khan , Wasim Jamshed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Absorber Plate Design on the Air temperature from A Solar Air Heater
This study examines the thermal efficiency of solar air heaters (SAHs) including several absorber plate designs: smooth plates (SP), rectangular ribbed plates (RRP), and square ribbed plates (SRP). The heat transfer and airflow properties of these designs were investigated under controlled settings using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The investigated mass flow rate is 0.001 kg/s The RRP exhibited superior thermal efficiency, owing to improved turbulence and heat transfer with little pressure loss. The SRP, although augmenting turbulence, exhibited declining results owing to increased flow resistance. These findings underscore the importance of absorber plate design in enhancing solar air heater performance for sustainable energy applications.
Copyright (c) 2023 Ahmed Rahmah Al-darraji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of heat and mass transfer in magnetic fluid flux (MHD) using Williamson's model over an expanded surface with thermal and nonlinear radiation effects
This study investigates the heat and mass transfer characteristics of Williamson MHD fluid flow over a stretching surface with variable thickness, considering the effects of Lorentz forces, nonlinear thermal radiation, and cross-diffusion phenomena. The governing equations for momentum, energy, and concentration are derived and transformed into dimensionless coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations. These equations are solved numerically using a fourth-order Runge-Kutta method coupled with shooting techniques. The analysis incorporates the effects of thermal and concentration slip conditions, magnetic field intensity, and electrical conductivity. Results are presented graphically and in tabular form to illustrate the influence of key parameters, such as the magnetic field parameter, thermal radiation, Eckert number, and Soret and Dufour numbers, on velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles. Additionally, the study evaluates skin friction coefficients, Nusselt numbers, and Sherwood numbers under varying conditions. The findings highlight the complex interplay between magnetic, thermal, and mass diffusion effects, offering valuable insights for industrial applications such as polymer processing, glass manufacturing, and heat exchangers
Copyright (c) 2023 Payam Jalili , Ayad Ibrahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring Passive Heat Transfer Enhancement Techniques: Applications, Benefits, and Challenges
Techniques for enhancing passive heat transfer play a crucial role in boosting thermal performance in engineering systems without the need for external energy sources. These approaches, such as altering surface roughness, utilizing extended surfaces, incorporating porous media, and employing phase change materials, provide energy-efficient and economical solutions for a variety of uses, including automotive systems, HVAC, and cooling in electronics. This paper examines important passive techniques, focusing on their fundamental principles, real-world applications, and the challenges that come with them. The study highlights the importan*ce of sustainability and energy efficiency, showcasing how these approaches can meet contemporary thermal management challenges, even while facing issues such as material degradation and pressure drops in systems.
Copyright (c) 2024 F. Mebarek-Oudina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This study discusses tubular solar still concepts, designs, and performance improvement for sustainable water purification. A greener alternative to traditional methods, tubular solar stills use sun energy for evaporation and condensation. Advances in phase transition materials, reflectors, and nanotechnology improve heat efficiency and water output. The research shows their adaptability and ability to sustainably address global water scarcity in remote and disaster-affected areas. This study examines tubular solar still concepts, designs, and performance optimization for sustainable water purification. Tubular solar stills use sun energy for evaporation and condensation, a greener option. New technologies including phase change materials, reflectors, and nanotechnology boost heat efficiency and water production. Applications from distant to disaster-stricken locations show their versatility and capacity to sustainably manage global water constraint.
Copyright (c) 2024 Duaa Mraiza , Farqad T. Najim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cooling towers are indispensable in dissipating heat from industrial processes and HVAC systems, hence playing a significant role in operational efficiency and sustainability. This review describes the classification of cooling towers based on airflow mechanisms, methods of heat transfer, and applications. This study highlights recent developments in hybrid cooling systems that combine wet and dry cooling technologies for improved water conservation and thermal efficiency. Through the analysis of recent developments in the domain, this work describes innovative design considerations that optimize thermal performances by including environmental concerns; designs that are in the counterflow and crossflow configuration. These insights underline continuous improvements within cooling tower technologies in light of evolving industrial and ecological demands.
Copyright (c) 2024 Yaser Alaiwi , Sadeeq B. Al-Omari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Active Techniques of Heat Transfer Enhancement: A review
In this work, active methods for improving heat transfer are discussed, with a particular emphasis on new ideas and their applicability in various sectors of different types. Heat transfer efficiency is essential for optimising energy utilisation in industries such as chemical processing, heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC), and renewable energy. Mechanical assistance, surface vibrations, electrostatic fields, and fluid injection are some approaches investigated in this research. The study also investigates the ideas behind these techniques and their practical ramifications. The results of this study indicate that active approaches, even though they often call for more power, have the potential to greatly improve thermal performance and provide new solutions for difficult technical difficulties.
Copyright (c) 2024 Foad Faraji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Heat Transfer Investigation Inside Heated Pipes of Different Cross-sections
This research examines the thermal transfer efficiency in pipes including various cross-sectional geometries, such as circular, square, and triangular shapes. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methodology was used to model flow conditions and examine heat transfer and turbulence intensities under consistent boundary conditions. The results indicate substantial variations in thermal and flow characteristics across the geometries. Circular pipes provide greater convective heat transfer efficiency and minimum temperature gradients, but square and triangular pipes show more turbulence accompanied by a higher pressure drop. These insights may guide the design of efficient piping systems for many technical applications, including HVAC, chemical processing, and renewable energy systems.
Copyright (c) 2024 Faik Hamad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Ribbed Target Plate on Impingement Cooling
This study experimentally investigates the heat transfer characteristics of an air jet impinging on smooth and ribbed target plates. Key variables examined include jet velocity, orifice diameter, and orifice-to-plate distance ratio (Z/D). Results show that the maximum heat transfer rate occurs at the stagnation point on the target plate. Increasing jet velocity significantly enhances heat transfer due to heightened turbulence, while larger orifice diameters yield higher heat transfer rates by covering a greater impact area. The optimal Z/D ratio for maximum heat transfer was determined to be 6 for all Reynolds numbers tested. However, introducing ribs to the target plate reduces heat transfer due to flow redirection and kinetic energy loss. These findings contribute to optimizing impingement cooling systems for various industrial applications.
Copyright (c) 2023 Roaad K. Mohammed, Shaimaa A. Naser https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Inlet Velocity on The Entrance Length of Laminar and Turbulent Flow in A Circular Pipe
This study uses numerical simulations performed with ANSYS-FLUENT to investigate the hydrodynamic entrance length for fluid flow in a circular pipe under both laminar and turbulent conditions. The effect of inlet velocity on entrance length and pressure drop was analysed. Two physical models with diameters of 15 cm and lengths of 10 m and 13 m were employed. The numerical results were validated against theoretical predictions, showing good agreement. The results indicate that entrance length increases with inlet velocity due to the extended development of the boundary layer. For laminar flow, entrance lengths of 1.46 m, 3.85 m, and 12.54 m were observed for velocities of 1, 3, and 10 m/s, respectively, while a turbulent flow velocity of 16.6 m/s yielded an entrance length of 5.8 m. Additionally, it was found that higher inlet velocities significantly amplify pressure drop due to increased friction and energy losses
Copyright (c) 2024 Farqad T. Najim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Solar Air Heaters Classifications and Enhancement: A Review
Solar air heaters (SAHs) are renewable energy systems that utilise solar radiation to heat air, offering sustainable solutions for space heating, agricultural drying, and industrial processes. These systems are simple in design, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly, making them essential to the renewable energy landscape. However, challenges such as low thermal efficiency, dependency on climatic conditions, and significant thermal losses limit their adoption. Recent advancements in design, materials, and operational strategies have significantly improved their performance. This review explores the principles of SAHs, innovations in design, thermal storage integration, and efficiency enhancement techniques. Applications in various sectors are discussed, highlighting ongoing research to maximise efficiency while maintaining economic viability and ecological benefits.
Copyright (c) 2024 Tariq Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Numerical Investigation of Grooved Obstacle on Heat Transfer Inside A Heated Duct
Flow and heat transfer are simulated numerically in a 2-dimensional centerline- ribbed square duct for different values of the rib height to the duct height (Blocking ratio BR). The blocking ratio of these rectangular obstacles 0, 0.5 and 0.75 are examined. Three values of velocity (0.1, 1 and 4m/s) as inlet working conditions were used. The top and bottom face of the duct are subjected to 1000 W/m2 heat flux. The heat transfer and flow structure with Ansys-Fluent inside a square duct in the presence of rotating vortex generators were studied and the influence of the blocking ratio (BR) on both heat transfer and fluid flow are examined. Numerical simulation was performed by using Ansys-Fluent 18. . In general, the enhancement raticon of heat transfer could reach 54%.
Copyright (c) 2024 Jenan S. Sherza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Numerical analysis of dual-fuel diesel engines in compression ignition engines: a review
Hydrogen gas is currently used in many daily uses because of its chemical properties that help in combustion and energy generation processes. Hydrogen can be easily used in diesel engines without major design modifications. In additions, its high flame velocity and calorific value make it a desirable option for dual-fuel mode in diesel engines. The trend in developing car engines has become to use alternative fuels to diesel and gasoline. The types of injections currently used, their development technology in diesel engines, and the advantages of using them to develop and raise engine efficiency are discussed. A complete study is being conducted on the use of hydrogen as a dual fuel in diesel engines by changing the engine speed and the amount of hydrogen used in combustion, generating including energy and heat resulting from the use of hydrogen as a dual fuel. This study aims to determine the optimal conditions for using hydrogen as a dual fuel in diesel engines, taking into account both performance and environmental impact. The results of this research could potentially lead to more efficient and sustainable transportation options in the future. Furthermore, the study will also evaluate the emissions produced when using hydrogen as a dual fuel in diesel engines, to ensure that the environmental impact is minimized. By optimizing the use of hydrogen in combustion, this research has the potential to revolutionize the way we power vehicles and reduce our reliance on traditional fossil fuels.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mahmoud A. Awaga , Gomaa A. A, Ahmed O. Moaaz , Nouby M. Ghazaly https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Examination of the parameters effect on Al-Cu FSW welded butt joints using formability consent
In most applications, joining aluminum to copper using friction stir welding (FSW) is a primary manufacturing process followed by secondary forming processes. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of FSW process parameters (speed and feed rate) on the formability of Al-Cu joints. Aluminum and copper blanks were welded at three different rotational speeds, i.e., 910, 1280, and 1700 rpm, and three different feed rates, i.e., 16, 29, and 44 mm/min. The base metals used in this study were aluminum (Al-1050) and copper in two states, i.e., as received and annealed. The mechanical properties of the base metals and the produced compounds were evaluated by tensile and hardness tests. The aluminum-copper joints were drawn into flangeless U-shape and cup shape using FSW to examine the formability of the joints. The maximum tensile load, punch load, and forming index were obtained when Al was at 1700 rpm and 16 mm/min, i.e., h. The welding was performed with annealed copper at the highest rotational speed and lowest feed rate due to work hardening of the joint. However, the ductility was highest at 1280 rpm and 44 mm/min, i.e., at medium rotation and highest travel speed. It can be depicted that when the FSW Al-Cu joint is further used in the forming process, moderate rotation and high feed speed should be adopted for welding to avoid work hardening and improve the ductility of the joint.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hammad T. Elmetwally, Hani N. SaadAllah, M.S. Abd-Elhady , Ragab K. Abdel-Magied , Ayman Ali Abd-Eltwab https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Experimental Investigation of The Turbulence Generators on Heat Transfer Inside Heated Duct
This work investigates the heat transfer inside a square duct experimentally in the presence of detached rectangular and triangular turbulence generators. The effect of the ratio of turbulence generators to the duct height (blocking ratio) is investigated for the values of 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 for Reynolds number 15413. The results showed that turbulence generators have a positive effect on heat transfer. It was found that using rectangular and triangular turbulence generators augments the heat transfer by (3-9)% and (5-15)%, respectively. Also, it was revealed that increasing the blocking ratio of turbulence generators from 0.1 to 0.2 enhances the heat transfer by 6% and 10% for rectangular and triangular shapes, respectively.
Copyright (c) 2023 Mustafa J. Al-Dulaimi, Faik Hamad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Numerical Investigation of Ribs Number Effect on Heat Transfer Inside A Heated Duct
Numerical simulations of flow and heat transfer are conducted in a three-dimensional square duct, including circular ribs positioned at the mid-height. The properties of the rib are examined, including the rib count (1-2-5-7) and the placement angle (0, 30, 45 degrees). Reynolds number is set as constant at 5000 for all studied cases. The existence of these ribs significantly influences heat transfer. The heat transfer rate is directly related to the quantity of ribs and positioning angle. The maximum recorded enhancement in Nusselt number is 30%.
Review of the non-concentrating solar cookers with innovative absorber plates designs
Preparation of meals has been named as one of the leading factors that affect the consumption of energy consumed globally as well as global emissions of greenhouse gases. Still due to these reasons that solar cooking is cheap and can be done at large scale, it is appropriate. To discuss the plan of cheap solar cookers, this paper gives an introduction of them, namely; box cooker with or without. In a free and natural way without panels, funnels or reflectors. Other designs that encompass virtually all kinds of the solar cooker also included are Fresnel, indirect, and parabolic-dish and parabolic-trough types. Scope is discussed further. Heat conservation tips, performance criteria, cost aspects, and improvement processes for heating systems design. This also brings into focus a high temperature 24 hour indoor solar cooker.
Copyright (c) 2024 Suhaib J. Shbailat , Salwa Bouadila https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Theoretical Investigation of The Major and Minor Losses in Pipes and Fittings
The present study aims to investigate major pressure losses in pipes and minor losses in certain pipe fittings, such as sudden expansion. Initially, the relationships for calculating major and minor losses were derived by applying Bernoulli's equation to the studied components. Flow velocity, pipe diameter, and pipe length effects on major losses were examined. Additionally, the impact of velocity on minor losses in sudden expansion was analysed. The results demonstrated that major losses, represented by friction, significantly vary with changes in flow velocity, pipe diameter, and pipe length. It was found that increasing the pipe diameter by 200% leads to a 6% reduction in major losses. Moreover, increasing the length and velocity results in proportional increases in major losses. Regarding minor losses, the findings indicated that these losses in sudden expansion increase by a factor of six with the increase in velocity.
Copyright (c) 2024 Janan S. Sherza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Solar stills are simple, economical apparatuses that harness solar energy to cleanse water by evaporation and condensation. This research study examines solar stills' principles, types and designs, highlighting their significance in mitigating water shortage, particularly in desert and isolated areas. Critical performance metrics, such as thermal efficiency, water production, and material selection, are examined to ascertain the determinants affecting their efficacy. The analysis further addresses creative improvements, including using phase change materials (PCMs), nanotechnology, and hybrid systems that merge solar stills with other renewable energy sources. Additionally, the article assesses the environmental and economic ramifications of solar stills and traditional water purifying techniques. The results elucidate the obstacles and potential for enhancing solar still designs, rendering them a feasible alternative for sustainable water production amid worldwide water scarcity.
Copyright (c) 2023 Salwa Bouadila, Suhaib J. Shbailat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhancement of the Performance of a Solar Still Using a Vibrator
Solar distillation is an effective way to generate fresh, potable water in areas with abundant sunlight and sufficient water unfit for human consumption or other activities. Therefore, the current work introduces vibrator technology to improve the performance of a single-slope solar still (CSS) that uses solar energy to evaporate salt water. The new still was introduced as CSS-V. The effect of the water level inside the basin was studied for a level of (1,2) cm. The results showed that lowering the water level by 50% increases productivity by 9%. The use of a vibrator was found to increase productivity by 9% to a water level of 1 cm.
Copyright (c) 2023 Amal Mahmood , Amal Mahmood https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Experimental Study of Air Jet Heat Transfer Between Orifice and Heated Plate
The characteristics of heat transfer from an impinging jet emerging from an orifice are examined through experimental methods. The impact of the distance-to-diameter ratio (Z/D), jet velocity (UJ), and jet diameter (D) on heat transfer is examined. The values tested include 2, 4, 6, and 8 for (Z/D); jet velocities of 3 m/s, 5.1 m/s, and 7.2 m/s; and diameters of 10 mm and 20 mm. The findings indicate that, in all instances, the peak heat transfer coefficient is observed at the midpoint of the plate, directly beneath the centre of the air jet. It was also noted that elevating the air jet velocity from 3 m/s to 7.2 m/s resulted in an improved heat transfer ranging from 87% to 112% for the evaluated Z/D. Expanding the orifice diameter from 10 mm to 20 mm leads to a 42% improvement in the heat transfer rate.
Copyright (c) 2023 Amal Mahmood https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Changes in The Characteristics of Motor Oils in Grain Harvest Engines
The period of use of grain harvesters is short and amounts to 1.5 – 3 months a year. The operating time of the internal combustion engine most often does not exceed 200 hours. At the same time, engines operate in harsh conditions of high temperatures, significant loads, and high dust levels in the air. As has been established, the engines of domestic combines and combines of the Republic of Belarus use M-10G2 and M-10DM motor oils.
Copyright (c) 2024 D. A. Y. Al Saadi , V. V. Ostrikov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0